Drug-resistant Organisms Essay Example for Free

Drug- disgusting Organisms EssayBy the 1960s, the discovery of antibiotic drugs and subsequent advances in their synthesis led to the conquest of most bacteriuml diseases, at least in developed countries. In the 1969, the Surgeon General of the United States proclaimed that it was time to cultivation the book on infectious diseases (Krasner 29) It indeed seemed so. But today, we confront not lonesome(prenominal) new infectious diseases such as AIDS, but likewise a resurgence of old diseases such as tuberculosis and malaria that were written off rather prematurely over a generation ago. The old diseases be hind end with a vengeance, sporting frightening new faces.The same bacteria that some disappeargond are now resistant to penicillin, ampicillin, erythromycin, vancomycin, fluoroquinolones all the weapons that were supposed to study vanquished them. These bacteria assume evolved and pose tremendous new challenges, however man and mans technology sewer also steadily a dvance to effectively mitigate the emerging bacterial threats only a vast new impetus to research is needed. Not too long ago, people in the Western countries tended to think of deadly infectious diseases as old-fashioned afflictions that belonged to pre-modern times (or to the present-day Third mankind).Since the end of the Second World War, classical sexual diseases like syphilis and gonorrhea virtually disappeared in almost all the industrialized countries (Mode, Sleeman 16). The sexual revolution in the 1970s was encouraged by the confidence that sexually transmitted diseases were merely a temporary vex that penicillin could cure. And then there appeared AIDS. As if that is not enough, practiced when we thought at least our old enemies were gone, to our dismay we find them all staring in our face, much than ferociously than ever. E.coli, staphylococci and many other pathogens are evolving in scary ways. The more researchers investigate, the more fast-changing microbes they find. As a result of this evolution, many bacteria are learning to resist more and more of the antibiotics we humans use to fight them. Drugs that have once so effectively countered many deadly are losing their power. Without the garter of these once magical drugs, regular people who have robust tolerant systems can be seriously sickened or killed by virulent germs, and people with compromised immune systems face a significant chance of dying.A bacteria can mutate any time it reproduces, and all of that bacterias offspring leave bear that mutation. Because bacteria replicate so often, random genetic mutations are common, and some of those mutations create genes that arm bacteria with drug resistor. A change in even just one gene can give a new strain of bacteria the ability to fend off a given antibiotic, maybe even all of the antibiotics in a large class of drugs. Such resistance genes provide bacteria with remarkable defense mechanisms. Resistance can begin in a single soul fulness when bacteria are only partially challenged by medication.This can occur when a patient is given too emit a dosage of a drug, or stops taking it when he feels better, without completing the full course of treatment. Sometime children spit out half of the medicament they are given because of the taste. These conditions allow a pathogen to develop ways to fend off the chemical warriors. Then its descendents mutate in a way that makes them more capable of surviving higher doses of the same drug. Successive generations, which can occur in a matter of days if not hours, possess an ever-growing ability to standard the medication, ultimately creating pathogens that become completely resistant to the drug.Most antibiotics are broad spectrum, meaning they attack any and all bacteria in the patients body. When a person takes an antibiotic for a staph infection, for example, the drug molecules will kill the invaders but also destroy harmless/helpful bacteria, in a situation of relat ed damage. Normally, healthy bacteria occupy most of the places in the stomach and intestines guarding against harmful bacteria percolating into bloodstream. The helpful bacteria also consume a large delegate of nutrients available to bacteria, thus keeping the pathogenic bacteria at bay and keeping us from getting sick more often.But after antibiotics have attacked, they become thinned out, leaving the harmful bacteria which may have randomly mutated and acquired drug resistance to be free, feed and multiply. The healthy bacteria will reestablish themselves, but the drug-resistant pathogens will settle among them in greater numbers. And they will have evolved to better resist the same antibiotic when it comes the next time. Moreover, bacteria also develop new traits by exchanging genes with one another.A staphylococcus bacteria one of the most common pathogens could be handed a new resistance gene by a different kind of resistant bacteria that happens to be close by, or by speci al viruses that infect bacteria and can take genes with them to their next host. Otherwise harmless bacteria inhabiting our gut or skin could become reservoirs of drug-resistance genes, passing them on to visiting pathogens. Most importantly, when an organism becomes resistant to one drug, say penicillin, it is also likely to resist related drugs such as ampicillin and amoxycillin.Finding new molecular structures of this family of drugs cannot provide any semipermanent advantage, because in a few years the organism will become resistant to the whole family again. An entirely new type of drug, or better, a on the whole new approach to combat disease is needed which, in practical terms, translates to massive research on unprecedented levels. Despite several obvious minacious trends for decades now, only three new classes of antibiotics oxazolidinones, streptogramins, and daptomycin have been developed in the past three decades (Galanter et al., 500).This pace of research is compl etely inadequate. We now face a unspoiled crisis situation. The reappearance of TB and the increase in cases of antibiotic-resistant pneumonia and meningitis leave little room for complacency in the search for new drugs, if we are to continue to enjoy our lives that are relatively free of bacterial infections. Man will be successful, as he has been since the observations of Pasteur, in finding or creating new antibiotics if he gives his mind a vast new scope to pursue knowledge and discovery in the new millennium.References Mode, Charles J. , Sleeman, Candace K. Stochastic Processes in Epidemiology HIV/AIDS, Other Infectious Diseases and Computers. Singapore World Scientific Publishing Co. , 2000 Galanter, Joshua Mark Golan, David E. Tashjian, Armen H. Principles of Pharmacology The Pathophysiologic Basis of Drug Therapy Baltimore, MD Lippincott Williams Wilkins, 2005 Krasner, Robert I. The Microbial Challenge Human Microbe Interactions. Washington, DC ASM (American Society for Microbiology) Press, 2002

Syllabus Essay Example for Free

Syllabus Es thinkLon Kurashige and Alice Yang Murray, Major Problems in Asian American History (Houghton Mifflin Co. , 2003). ISBN 0618077340. 2. John Luther Long, Madame solicit (General Books, 2009). Available free online at http//xroads. virginia. edu/hyper/long/contents. html 3. David Henry Hwang, M Butterfly (Dramatists Play Service, Inc. , 1998). 4. Lac Suh, I Love Yous Are for White People A Memoir (P. S. ) (Harper Perennial, 2009). ISBN 978-0061543661. Grades All grades are determined by your TA 20% Section participation 20% Paper 1 20% Paper 2 20% Midterm 20% Non-cumulative final exam What you should expect Papers You entrust be writing two papers. The graduation exercise should include all germane(predicate) readings and lectures up to David Henry Hwang on the syllabus the second should include all relevant materials up to and including Lac Suh. All papers should discombobulate a unique rally argument and be between 4-6 pages in length. Please include an original title that reflects your argument, use 12 pt Times New Roman or Times only, and print double-spaced, double-sided. All papers must be submitted in hard copy AND to turnitin. com. Students taking this course agree to this requirement. Your essay allow be marked 1/3 step down for every day it is late. (Saturday + Sunday = 2 days. After class on the day due = 1 day. A 1/3 step is from an A to an A-, A- to B+, etc. ) Any requests for extensions will be decided by the TA except in extenuating circumstances.Essay 1 Which orientalist views does David Henry Hwang attack, and how effectively does he do it, in your opinion? Reference all relevant readings up to week 5 for this essay. Essay 2 What makes the concept of a model minority problematic and/or compelling in the twentieth century? Reference all relevant readings from weeks 5-10 for this essay. OPTION You are welcome to turn in a traditional essay for this assignment. If you earned at to the lowest degree a B on your first essay, yo u may choose to make a short video between 5-7 minutes in length answering this same question and including at least 3 substantive, specific references to historical content from your readings.You may work with a partner if you choose to make a video. Both members of the group must have earned at least a B on the first essay. Prof. Kwak reserves the right to show your video in class if you choose this option. What is the place of these essays? What I am really looking for in these papers is first and foremost, your ability to articulate an original argument. Think carefully about what YOU want to say do not just regurgitate. The second critical component of the essays is to demonstrate your understanding of the readings and to show me you know how to use quotes. Quotes should never be just locate into your writing without explanation or discussion each quote requires scrutiny, analysis.How will the optional video project be graded? The video project will be graded based upon three key criteria. First, does it clearly answer the central question? Second, are the three historical references used effectively and substantively? Third, how subtile is the final product? Does it show careful thought, effort, and organization? Midterm and Final Exams Midterm review sheets will be distributed exactly one week introductory to the exam. Final exam review sheets will be distributed on the last day of lecture. You will not be tested on anything that is not on the review sheet. Exams will consist of short answers and fill-in questions. You should bring a blue book to both exams.Policy on lecture notes I will not post or give out my lecture notes. Please do not ask for them. Powerpoint presentations will always be posted 24 hours AFTER the lecture. Academic honesty Academic honesty is expected at all times. Any instance of plagiarism will be dealt with according to university and departmental policies. Schedule FIRST HALF Week 1 Th 9/27 Course intro What is Asian America ? Week 2 Tu 10/2 Coolies, miners, and railroad workers Th 10/4 Nineteenth-century American orientalism Read for section Major Problems, ch. 1. John Luther Long, Madame Butterfly Week 3 Tu 10/9 Labor and anti-Asian movements Th 10/11 Legal rights Read for section

Strategic And Coherent Approach To Management Commerce Essay

Strategic And Coherent Approach To Management Commerce EssayHuman Resource Management is defined as a strategic and coherent approach to the management of an fundamental laws most valued assets the people working there who individu all toldy and collectively contribute to the achievement of its objectives. (Armstrong, 2006)Businesses of the twenty-first century call upon the HR to play a greater role in achieving their objectives. HR is an indispensible tool in the successful working of all shaping and it is essential to incorporate HRM strategies in the planning of the organisation to attain its goals and objectives.Organisations now have to deal with a fast changing environment to which they need to answer quickly and innovatively while being constantly faced with a greater amount of risk than ever before. They are constantly searching for and implementing diverse natural selection strategies in this highly competitive and dynamic business world. In instal to maintain a su stained effort for bet margeent, organisations now need to recruit people, who rump find creative and intelligent solutions. Thus, the employment of an effective HR strategy that widens the organisations people is essential to facilitate the necessary changes within the business.Role of HRMAny organisation needs to set goals for itself and strategize how these goals are to be achieved and then structure itself by deciding whom to allot this province. The responsibilities of the HRM or the functions carried out by them within the organisation rout out be enlisted as followsHR Planning It is the practice by which the HRM reviews the supply of employees. They review whether the regular requires to recruit further or to reduce the number of employees depending upon the attitude of the firm.Job Analysis This is the process by which the HR examines detailed information about jobs. Every available job in the firm and advertises for recruitment purposes accordingly, so as to attract s killed people.Recruitment The HR, having advertised for jobs, receives a number of applications from which they identify and recruit suitable employees for the firm.Orientation Once the recruitment process is over, the HR begins an induction program during which the new recruits are informed about the organisation, their background, their working methods and ethics, as well as introduce them to the other members of the organisation.Training The next feeling is the development and training of the employees to equip them with technical skills, interpersonal skills and problem solving skills in order to enhance their motion and increase productivity for the comp whatever.Share discipline It becomes the responsibility of the HR to ensure that information is shared uniformly with all employees to increase their knowledge stupid.Appraisals The HR evaluates the performance of the employees in periodic intervals through various methods, such as, multiple comparisons and feedbacks from co-workers and supervisors. These appraisals form the basis of the employees promotions, compensate rises and other incentives.Motivation In order to ensure the employees put in their best efforts in their single jobs, the HR devises commissions to sustain the interest of the employees and encourage them in contributing more and more to the firm.Maintain Welfare The healthy maintenance of any organisations military personnel resource largely depends on the working conditions, comforts and facilities provided to its employees. The HR plays a vital role in this area. They are to be readily available and pay heed to the needs of the employees, analyse their problems and find solutions to them.Retain Talent This is done through career development, providing job security, compensation programs and skill based pay.Derecruitment The HR discharges incompetent employees to keep up with the requirements of an ever changing business environment.Labour Relations One of the most significant r oles of the HR is to ensure the smooth functioning of the firm and preventing strikes by the employees by maintaining good relations between the management and the employees.The HRM is therefore, responsible for managing the people of any organisation, as assets of that business and harmonizing their capabilities with the needs of the organisation. They encourage team shade and coordination for smooth functioning of groups of people within the organisation.They play a key role in ensuring a long-term and sustained competitive advantage for any organisation. They are able to acquire this when the highest amount of value added is achieved by the employees and by creating a culture of innovation that is extraordinary to the organisation.As the HRM employs methods that lead to high performance work systems, the beneficial results can be seen on the employee and the organisation end. As the employee is more involved in the organisation and grows in experience, he gains by way of job sa tisfaction leading to efficiency in work performance. Thus, the organization benefits as the productivity levels go up, the quality improves, more flexibility is infused into the system and in conclusion the customer is satisfied.However, it also becomes the responsibility of the HRM to assume a more professional role, to maintain its honesty and integrity and keeping in mind at all times the interests of the customers and the employees alike.Strategic Goals and Objectives of any OrganisationEvery business creates a vision for its future in order to ascertain its both short term and long term goals. This requires creative imagination. It is the strength of this imagination that powers the entire business process. However, a clear definition of the goals is required to be made in order to ensure that these objectives are attained. One of the most important goals is the performance objective and the individual performance strongly needs to be integrated with the objectives of the bus iness. This is where the HR comes in. It is their responsibility to occupy out and relate an individuals performance objectives to the performance objective of the business.While the HR challenges are greater than ever before, so too are the opportunities of the companies to surpass through people strategies. (Strack et al., 2008)Competitive advantages may come from 2 kinds of sources in any organisationTraditional ways/sources of competitive advantagesFinancial/economic ingathering capabilitiesTechnological capabilityOrganisational capabilityGeneric strategies for gaining competitive advantagesCost leadershipProduct differentiationSearch othersHuman Resource Management can be used to gain Competitive AdvantageThe idea that individual employee performance can impact the performance of the firm positively has been studied for decades. However, the study has travel forward and put forth the nonion that all the employees of a firm can together give a higher competitive advantage an d bring about a greater improvement on the firms performance. This is possible only when a number of criteria are satisfied, namely, the employees are adding positively to the production, they have a unique talent or skill to offer and more importantly, the employees are not subject to replacement or substitution by technology.It is argued that employees are usually not working at their optimum levels and hence are underutilized. The HRM can play a significant role here in bringing them up to efficacious levels and utilizing their potential to the optimum level by facilitating comfortable working conditions, motivating them, developing their skills and providing enhanced product knowledge through regular training, providing an organized morphologic base and give some amount of independence in their working and a flexible culture within the organization. This is sure to increase the output of the employees over and above the cost of such provisions.Further, the HRM can ensure best performance of the employees at the initial stage through careful selection and recruitment of suffice and skilled individuals. These skilled employees can turn out to be unproductive too unless provided with sufficient motivation. The HRM can again, motivate the employees to work harder and better by providing them with incentives that are link to performance, which is assessed on a regular basis through evaluations of individual or groups of employees. Incentives may be provided in the form of promotions.Again, an organized structural base can be provided through tools such as, cross functional teams, job rotation and greater participation by allowing them the opportunity to freely use better ways of working.Thus, if the HRM can affect or influence the performance of the employees to maximize their output, they are in turn, improving the performance of the organisation and increasing their productivity.How is theory linked with practice? Explain with examples.The HRM today is n ot only responsible for managing teams of employees but also, for diversity both within the organisation and outside, constant change and increased globalisation. This is not an easy task. The HR when faced with resistance to adapt to change, ignorance by the policy makers as well as political considerations, finds it hard to employ the best HR practices in real terms. Amongst other challenges faced by the HR, we can mention those involving getting the people to accept change. The HR deals with resistance when bringing about any changes in the working methods, attitude of workers or values of the organisation. Moreover, globalisation has resulted in multicultural backgrounds of employees that pose a new kind of challenge for the HR, wherein they need to develop strategies catering to the needs of each of them.How HRM will help in developing organisational culture?Organisational Culture Focus on innovative and flexible environmentThe HR integrates the needs of the organisation with t hose of the employees and helps in developing the organisations culture by creating a positive attitude amongst the employees.Factors which the management should considerEffective HR practices play a significant role in the economic ripening of any country. In my opinion, the management needs to keep in mind that their actions have a large level effect. The policies and training provided by them to the employees not only contribute towards the specific concern they are currently working for, but towards the nation as a whole. They are preparing individuals for the future. The professional development acquired by the employees at any particular firm carries forward to the next employment as well and remains with them for days to come. Hence, with their inputs and efforts, the HRM is not only enhancing the performance of the individual firm, but is augmenting the nations economy.ConclusionThus, we may conclude that organized HRM can provide a sustained economic growth and a competi tive advantage when aligned with the strategic business plans of a company. can be placed elsewhere as per need. a misfit here I dont see the need or connection with the topic

Assessment of carnival cruise lines competitive position

Assessment of carnival cruise lines competitive built in bed bazaar Cruise Lines is certainly the leader of their industry. They are the industry standard for quality, have massive revenues, and the largest growth. In fact, the high society continues to set new passenger number records. The depression thing I lead do in evaluating the partnerships competitive position is to do a SWOT analysis. Some of the companys main strengths implicate cruise electrical capacity levels, branding, variety of activities, price compared to other vacation pickings, and their ability to stay frugal and efficient. The main calorie-freenesses I have identified were they were still considered to be an expensive option for vacations, perceptions of lower-quality ( disdain major quality improvements), perceptions of being geared to certain demographics, and some IT issues. Certain opportunities available to the company include a chance to narrow the gap amidst quality and perception of quality, direct marketing through new intermediaries, and more growth in their industry. Major threats to the company are the economy, fuel prices, and hurricane seasons. Overall, looking at the SWOT analysis, it is easy to see why CCL is the industry leader. They have many strengths, only a few weaknesses, opportunities to work on their weaknesses, and threats that affect many industries, non just their own.Looking at the five competitive forces model, I believe CCL is in a strong competitive position. The only threat I theorize is a big deal for the company at this point is the threat of fierce competition. Ten brands control 95% of the market, and despite the bad economy those companies are alike showing growth. Not only does CCL compete against other cruise ships, they also compete against other forms of vacation entertainment. Some examples mentioned in the case include the vacation opportunities in the Orlando and Las Vegas markets. To make sure they handle this competition, the com pany must continue to improve in order to dominate the market. The threat of new entrants is weak beca handling of the major start-up costs in their industry and the immenseness of brand-recognition in their industry. The bargaining power of the buyers is moderate-to-weak because switching costs for nodes are high when considering the value they get with CCL despite attainable substitutes. Bargaining power of suppliers is getting weaker as travel agencies are going away and costs of dealing with the guest are being minimized. It is possible that CCL will have to deal with the threat of substitute products because on that point are viable options beyond CCL. However, CCL has positioned themselves actually well to deal with this competition through enceinte the customer dandy value for the price.They mentioned in the case that their goal with each customer is to exceed the customers expectations to the best of their ability. Doing so will add value to faithful because it wil l likely increase the customers willingness to pay. Another way to continue to improve the company will include using a virtual value drawing string with online intermediaries rather than travel performers in order to lessen the costs of booking customers and to directly market to prospective customers. I believe this can add great value to the firm by decreasing the cost of doing business through intermediaries and increasing customer awareness of vacationing with CCL. If they can take advantages of their opportunities, their competitive position will continue to be strong.Question 2 Should CCL machine a CRM dodge? (Justify your answer). If so, how would you implement it? If not, what other enterprise systems would you recommend instead? (Justify your answer). Perform a credentials and privacy risk assessment related to your recommendation. For each major risk, what should the company do?There are positives and negatives for CCL implementing a CRM strategy. I will use this cha nce to make an argument for implementing a CRM strategy, highlight the positive aspects of this strategy and explain how this strategy makes up for the negative aspects. They are the industry leaders in almost every aspect of their business except for lagging schooling systems. If they improve this aspect of their business, they can possibly increase their strategic advantages for the long future.For now, CCL enjoys a strong relationship with travel agents who refer their clients to CCL regularly. This has been a very valuable relationship for CCL over the years. The market is changing in the travel and tourism industry because of the development of intermediaries on the internet who make direct connections from customer to business. This trend is going to be the dominant way of doing business in the short-term and long-term futures of the industry. CCL management argues in the case that they want to balance this relationship with travel agents with this new wave. I argue that tr avel agents are on their way tabu of business and it should not be a focus for the company in the long-term. Having a CRM strategy will improve their abilities to reach kayoed to the customer floor on the internet and should transform their value chain completely to virtual means. This will cut their costs dramatically and will help the bottom line. This also allows the customer to ask for services directly from CCL. This can result in greater customer service for CCL. It mentioned in the case that the handoff of knowledge from CCL to travel agent to customer was often slow. Eliminating the consider for travel agents and dealing directly with customers will also improve customer service by making it a more faster and more efficient process. To me, it makes a lot of sense for CCL. This CRM strategy will not be an overnight process and neither will the expiry of the travel agent business, so the strategy they have for now should serve their needs well until they develop this st rategy to an acceptable level.There were quite a few other key points I read in the case that stand out to me in supporting a CRM strategy. Management stressed the importance of fitting their services to customers changing tastes. This is a suitable goal. If this goal is truly important, developing a successful CRM strategy can help them track these changing tastes in the most effective way. This includes a possible improvement in the check-in process for customers boarding the cruise ship. The current process requires hours for each customer in order to pass through security. If they can update their information systems to hold security information and some biometrics, security can be speedy and possibly of better quality. The case also pointed out that CCL has a wide variety of customers unlike their competitors. This can be a great advantage to the company if CCL can utilize their information systems in a way that provides the company with information about the mix of customers they have for a certain cruise. Planning for a customer base that is homogenized is much easier than making strategic plans for a customer base that is diverse. It would certainly be an advantage to CCL to have a CRM strategy that helped them with this diverse customer base. They mention in the case that customer loyalty is a great strength of the company and they hope to continue to increase customer loyalty. Having a CRM strategy that can help improve customer service and improve the services offered to customers and can certainly create loyalty.One aspect of their CRM strategy I would not be as concerned with is developing a highly detailed rewards program to go along with it. The company has experimented with this idea and has a simple system they use. I think it would be fine to continue with something simple like this but do not see any reason to create a detailed plan. I believe the degree of customability is low for this industry and the repurchase rate for customers is typ ically once a year. Therefore, investing in a rewards program would result in a low payoff. Also, competitors in their industry have tried using rewards programs and the results have not been positive for these companies. At this point, I do not see a major need for CCL to develop their rewards program further.So I have argued for a new CRM strategy. How does CCL implement such a strategy? First, it has to be realized that CRM strategies are only strategies, not technology. In order to effectively implement this kind of strategy, it is imperative that there is an information technology infrastructure in place. This means that the databases have to be strong and the information has to be reliable. This is the first step of the process for implementation. According to the case, CCL already has the databases there for use, including Oracle databases called Property Management Systems (PMS) and Point of Sale (POS). The problem right now with their infrastructure is issues they have with data integrity and availability, as pointed out on page 412. Regardless of whether or not CCL implements a CRM strategy, issues with data integrity and availability are major issues that should be dealt with to have good information and security. The second step of implementing the new CRM strategy is to change the database design in a way that can improve customer and transactional data so the company can use the information. Having this data funnel into one data store can help the company get the most out of the relationships they build with the assorted intermediaries they will have online as well as through their website.Certainly, at this point implementing a CRM strategy will require major considerations for funding and how this information system will be created or bought. For funding initiatives within this new CRM strategy, the steering committee will have to figure out what would add the great value to the firm and what they will do to create the information systems tha t fit this strategy. At this point, I do not think I have seemly information in order to have an opinion on how to do this.As I mentioned earlier in the paper, security and privacy risk seems to be a major issue for this company. It was mentioned in the case that information integrity and availability are not at acceptable levels. This has to be addressed straight in order to have good information, which is imperative for effective information systems. Security and privacy are not just IT issues they are issues that go the very top of management. Therefore, measures have to be put in place to protect the information that CCL obtains from using this CRM strategy. The information systems created because of this strategy will likely contain very sensitive information such as credit card numbers. In accordance with the importance placed on privacy, the company should look to obtain a trust seal from TRUSTe, WebTrust, or the Better Business Bureau. Also, a privacy statement should be d rafted for the site in order to help gain the customers trust. beyond that, I think the major issue will be preventing hackers from getting sensitive information from the companys information systems and I think one step that will help is hiring a third party to conduct an information systems audit. This will help the company identify weaknesses that they can improve. Policies and training for employees will also need to be evaluated in order to prevent phishing or social engineering. If they can continually assess their security and privacy needs with the suggestions I have made, their security and privacy should be fine. It will then be up to the company to straighten out the mess they made with their information quality.

Gender-Based Household Divisions of Labour

Gender-Based custodyage Divisions of LabourTHE DIVISION IN HOUSEHOLD outwearBETWEEN MEN AND WOMENCONTENTS (JUMP TO)AbstractIntroductionLiterature ReviewHousehold Labour DefinedThe Gender Gap query MethodsAnalysis Methods historical Housework Gender DivisionsGlobal Housework Gender DivisionsReasons for Gender GapMethodologyFindingsRecommendationsConclusionReferencesABSTRACTThis study considers the sexual activity spreadhead in executing of photographic plate plate fag out and its change over clipping, particularly in the last fifty years. Methods that others have used to interrogation and analyse kinsperson moil, historic and multi-cultural sex activity grades, reasons for the current and historic gender intermission from a sociological perspective. This question then determines the just about effective methods of data gathering and analysis and examines several studies over the last fifty years to conclude that the gender kerfuffle in sign of the zodiac work is actu neverthelessy shrinking, albeit much slightly than some contend callable to social changes. Proposals for overcoming the disparity in category grasp coifance are assessed from a variety of published literature. Conclusions are drawn regarding the most likely factors alter changes to the gender gap, namely changes in gender identities from a societal standpoint. Recommendations for further search and actions to further redu ce the housework disparity conclude the study.INTRODUCTION almost all research conducted in the past one hundred years has overwhelmingly and consistently gestateed a disparity between the category boil executeed by women and men, with women typically out playacting men both in terms of to a greater extent distasteful tasks and number of hours by significant margins. Since the beginning of the womens movement in the 1960s, however, some inroads have been made regarding closing the gap between male and female performance. These must be weighed in light of overall changes in societal expectations and practise of habitation labour, but do show a trend towards greater egalitarianism in housework performance.This research begins with a thorough precondition of published literature regarding gender division of household labour and how much(prenominal) studies have been conducted and analysed, with reference to historic and multi-cultural gender divisions and sociological reasons for the persistent gender gap in housework performance. A survey of secondary research using the most accurate and informative data gathering methods is then conducted to determine whether the gender gap is indeed closing and if so, why, or whether broader societal and technological changes are merely affecting the performance of housework in general.The study concludes with recommendations for further research and suggestions from both others and the author regarding ways of moving towards a to a greater extent egalitarian division of household la bour performance.LITERATURE REVIEWAs it applies directly or indirectly to almost everyone, much research and study has been performed regarding housework, the perceptions of those who perform it, and the assignment of household labour tasks in spite of appearance the home or family. This literature review provides a brief survey of some of these studies. An overview of the gender gap give be followed by six broad areas of consideration. First, the various methods by which housework study is conducted will be examined, as claims of inaccuracy are rampant for certain research methods. Similar consideration of different ways of analysing and interpreting this data follows. An overview of historic housework assignment, with particular focus on gender divisions and Britain, includes information stretching back several hundred years but concentrates on the previous century with the invest, when statistical analysis and similar data began to be generated. Views of housework and gender division of tasks in other countries allow for a more holistic consideration of the topic. Finally, reasons for the gap between performance of household labour between men and women are from various studies are presented, with a number of researchers assertions of ways to overcome such disparity.Household Labour DefinedIn any study of household labour, also referred to as simply housework in this research, it is first beneficial to define what is meant by or included in the term. Some studies, for example, include only inside household tasks such as cleaning and cooking, excluding impertinent work such as gardening and exterior home repairs. Some studies include childcare as a household task others place it in a separate family unit or do not include it. lee(prenominal) and Waite (2005) note some research is establish on a more restricted definition of housework, peculiar(a) to physical tasks such as cleaning, cooking and laundry, whilst some include intangible components of hou sehold management, such as providing advice or encouragement, or planning and managing household tasks.For the point of this study all non- profession household tasks will be included, grouped broadly into inside and outside tasks, primarily because gender divisions oft fall along these mat divisions. Inside tasks are those performed inside the home, whilst tasks performed outside (yard work, victorious out rubbish) fall in the latter category. In addition, based on the work of Coltrane (2000), tasks may be alternatively be considered from the standpoint of routine or occasional as another, and also typical, gender division. Coltrane (2000) defines routine tasks as the most time-consuming and most ofttimes performed, with circumstantial allowance for flexibility in task scheduling. Typical routine tasks include cooking, cleaning, shopping, and laundry. Occasional tasks, in comparison, are not as time-consuming on a day by day basis and hence require less(prenominal) frequent performance, allowing more flexibility and discretion in when they are performed. Yard maintenance, home repairs (interior or exterior), and paying bills are typical occasional tasks.Childcare will be considered in a separate category, although part of the overall household labour workload. This persona of grouping is supported by umpteen researchers such as Oakley (1981), Brines (1994), Press and Townsley (1998) and Alenezi and Walden (2004), who include childcare in household labour but place it in a separate category. Child rearing activities, such as bathing, disciplining, and the like may also be separated from recreational activities involving children, such as taking a child to the park or on an outing. In addition, Bianchi et al (2000) note that childcare is also an activity typically done in conjugation with other tasks, such as minding children whilst cooking or cleaning, or helping with homework whilst folding laundry. This is a further consideration when defining time spent and proportional contribution to household functioning.For the purposes of this study, therefore, all tasks pick upd in the establishment and maintenance of a household, including care for the persons of the household, are considered household labour or housework. Divisions inwardly this household labour are made when specified, typically due to existing or to highlight gender differences between categories.The Gender GapCurrent and new-fangled historical culture in Britain and similar Western nations reveals a disparity in the performance of household tasks between women and men. Termed the Gender Gap, this difference in housework reflects a much higher proportion of typical tasks performed by women than by men, even in dual-earner situations. Whilst there are other factors contributing to difference in allocation of household work, such as command, culture, and social class, Oakley (1974, 1981), Orbuch and Eyster (1997), Coltrane (2000), Lee (2002), Davis and Greenstein (2004), and Lee and Waite (2005) and many others have determined that gender plays a major office in task and work disparity, and this will be examined more fully under Reasons for the Gender Gap later in this literature review. General explanation of the gap itself is provided in this section of this study.Baxter (2001), after considering a number of studies regarding housework and gender, concludes women do a much larger proportion of child care and routine indoor(prenominal) housework tasks than men, regardless of marital status (19). This is supported by similar reviews of literature by Berk (1985), Ross (1987), Becker (1991), Ferree (1991), Brines (1993), Greenstein (1996), Orbuch and Eyster (1997), Coltrane (2000), Lee (2002), Davis and Greenstein (2004), and Lee and Waite (2005). The number of hours women spend has been declining over time, from over sixty hours per calendar week former to 1970, as reported by Oakley (1974) and others, to less than twenty in current repo rts such as Lee and Waite (2005), with mens hours moving from less than three to nearly ten in some research. However, a substantial gap between men and womens contributions to household labour still exists, as documented by Lee (2002), Rivires-pigeon, Saurel-Cubi zolles and Romito (2002), Alvarez and Miles (2003), Davis and Greenstein (2004), Alenezi and Walden (2004), Leonard (2004), Lee and Waite (2005). A gender gap between the types of household tasks performed also remains prevalent, with men performing more outdoor housework activities and fewer routine, inside tasks or childcare activities. Men are also more likely to describe their activities as enjoyable, such as playing with children or yard work, whilst womens participation in activities they describe as enjoyable, such as baking and decorating, have decreased with fewer hours devoted to household work. Baxter (2001) concludes that in all reviewed studies the differences are quite stark (19). Wives spend substantially mo re time than their husbands on family work, even though women do less and men do slightly more now than 20 years ago (Bianchi, Milkie, Sayer Robinson 2000, 192).It was initially expected that with the growth of the womens movement the gender gap would disappear. For example, Leonard (2004) reports a number of UK studies optimistically predicted that womens entry to paid work outside the household would be accompanied by mens increased participation in unpaid work within the household (73). Unfortunately, research in the UK and elsewhere continues to demonstrate the resilience of traditional gender purposes within the household irrespective of womens labour market status (Leonard 2004, 73). This research will later examine the narrowing of this gender gap and the reasons behind both its continued existence and gradual lessening.Research MethodsWhen comparing secondary data, it is important to consider the methods implemented in data collection. In direct relation to this study, for example, Lee and Waite (2005) amongst others found conclusions about the size of the gender gap in housework depend substantially on who provides the information about time spent on housework, what information that person is asked to provide, and how housework is define (334). Shelton and John (1996) and Coltrane (2000) list typical methods of data collection regarding household labour distribution and performance include interviews, surveys, time-diaries, and most recently electronic recording methods. Lee and Waite (2005) explain that interviews and surveys typically ask respondents to estimate the number of hours and type of tasks they or their spouses spend performing housework tasks. clip-diary studies ask respondents to report all their daily activities, normally within the day be ing tracked or by the next day at the latest.It is not surprising, therefore, that differences in time of reporting lead to differences in accuracy. Becker (1991), Lee and Waite (2005) and others have all found that interviews and surveys, which require respondents to both recall and estimate contributions and tasks, are highly inaccurate. Time-diaries, which require respondents to document how they spend their time daily or throughout the day, are significantly more accurate, as supported by Becker (1991), Bianchi et al (2000), and Lee and Waite (2005). For example, Bianchi et al (2000) reports a typical difference of xv hours per week reported by men and women regarding womens household labour, and a typical difference of nearly four hours in reporting of mens contribution. Similarly, Press and Townsley (1998) report that, on average, husbands estimated spending approximately eighteen hours per week on household tasks, whilst wives estimated their husbands contribution at just under thirteen hours per week, a statistically significant difference.In comparing data from electronic data recording versus data from similar populations collected by survey, Lee and Waite (2005) concluded wives puff accurate estimates of husbands time on housework, whereas husbands overestimate their own time (333). They additionally found some evidence that both wives and husbands may substantially overestimate the list of time wives spend on housework. For example, Lee and Waite (2005) found wives responses to survey questions regarding hours spent on housework estimated twenty-six hours per week of household work, but measurement of the selfsame(prenominal) individuals via an electronic data recording system (ESM) resulted in an average of only fifteen hours per week. In all, the differences between survey measures and ESM electronic data recording time-use measures are statistically significant and-for some estimates-quite substantial (333).Further, broader consideration of types of tasks within household labour resulted in greater hours of contribution on the part of men, but made little difference in the weekly housework hours of women. For example, Lee (2004) foun d that whilst in one study both types of childcare activities were counted equally towards housework contribution, husbands time tended to involve recreational activities rather than those tasks that constitute the daily grind of child rearing, which were left to women (254). Baxter (2001) similarly found that men participated in housework primarily on weekends, and tended to perform occasional tasks such as yard work women performed housework tasks throughout the week and weekend, being responsible for almost all routine tasks such as cooking, cleaning, and laundry.Analysis MethodsResearch is equally divergent in the methods of analysis employed to interpret data regarding gender divisions in household labour. Some methods , such as commonly used empirical models, focus solely on time allocation and the variables contributing to allocation decisions. Bargaining models, time allocation models, and the household turnout model are three of the more common of these types of analysis m ethods.Mahoney (1995) describes various bargaining theories, which contend that since women earn less, they have less power in the household and are therefore relegated to performing the majority of housework tasks. For example, Alvarez and Miles (2003) found women with university degrees, and hence greater earning power, have reduced housework time. Alenezi Walden (2004) note, however, that the inverse is true for husbands. The more educated a man is, the more likely he is to contribute a greater number of hours to housework. Bargaining models in general, however, as summarized by Alenezi and Walden (2004) all present spending and labour supply within the family based on some form of bargaining between family members based on each members earning potential and similar characteristics. This type of analysis generally categorises the various attributes, market wage, and similar for family members and uses such categorisation to evaluate gender divisio n of household labour.Time al location models, in contrast, contend that individual contribution to household tasks is based on available time. Each family member individually determines contribution to the household based on market wages, leisure activities, and family consumption. Bittman et al (2001) notes that these analysis methods, however, do explain in part the differences in the effects of certain variables, such as pedagogics level, on men and women within a household. As Alenezi and Walden (2004) describe, time allocation theories are difficult to use as a basis of empirical research, as they depend on individual decision versus measurable inputs. This form of analysis typically begins with the labour division and works back into variables, rather than documenting variables and then considering activity, as is typical of bargaining theories.Becker (1991) presents the most often used method of analysis for time allocation of household labour, the household production model. This analysis method divide s the household consumption of goods into those that are market-produced and those that are household-produced, and measures household utility and the gender division of household tasks, as described by Alenezi and Walden (2004) as a function of the consumption of market-produced goods, household-produced goods, and leisure time of the husband and wife(83). Bryant (1990) describes how households spend their two major resources, money and time. In certain circumstances, a household might spend more money to save time, such as by using outside cleaners or eating take out food. In other circumstances, the family may chose to spend time, painting a room themselves rather than hiring the painting out, for example. A lenezi and Walden (2004) conclude households make decisions about using time working for pay, working on household tasks, like child-rearing and meal preparation, or for enjoyment (leisure) (81).Berk (1985) criticises the household production model as making undocumented assu mptions about joint production, preferences, and estimation of the tush price of housework, but it remains one of the few empirical analysis methods that factors in a large number of variables and takes into consideration complexity and diversity within and between households. As Alenezi and Walden (2004) assert, the household production model still remains the standard for analyzing household time allocation due to its ability to account for many complex relationships in household decision-making (86).Some researchers such as Bittman et al (2001) and Alvarez and Miles (2003) contend, however, that empirical analysis methods such as those described above place withal much emphasis on economic variables in general, and therefore explain only a limited share of the inequality in housework performance. As Oakley (1981) and Becker (1991) describe, gender division in household labour can also be considered from a more sociological approach. Becker (1991) affords that sociological theor etical models offer a wide and divergent variety of explanations for the unequal division of housework tasks along gender lines, but all provide relevant areas of consideration. For example, Alenezi Walden (2004) contend, differences between husbands and wives housework time, bridal age, educational attainment, and number of children by age should be highlighted (101).Given the difficulty in practise of considering the wide number of variables that could play into gender division of household labour, however, many studies choose to concentrate on the societal and sociological implications of one or two of what the individual researchers consider to be the most important or effectual inputs. As such, many studies have considered the impact of education levels, presence of children, age, social class, race, and value beliefs as determinants of household labour allocation.One of the most often considered variables is gender identity. As Oakley (1981) describes, men and women are inst ructed in what their particular society considers separate gender roles and actions from an early age. As such, women in Britain are typically elevated to believe that housework is their responsibility, and therefore perform the bulk of household tasks. In this analysis, which will be described in greater detail later in this study in the section presenting reasons for the gender gap, researchers examine the development of gender identity, then its impact on household labour allocation, and further investigate impacts of changes in gender roles across society on household functioning.Historic Housework Gender DivisionsOakley (1974) provides a thorough and insightful study of historic gender divisions of household labour in Europe, concentrating on Britain. Prior to the nineteenth century, women were typically employed in the family business, as were the rest of family members. This business was housed within the home, and all members of the family might perform a given household t ask. Fathers were considerably more involved in child rearing, and tasks such as cleaning and cooking were not divided along gender lines. Women were often equal partners in business with their husbands, could be afforded guild membership on their own standing, inherited their husbands trade privileges upon his goal (versus them passing to a son), and were not prevented from entering any occupation by reason of their sex (31). As such, Oakley (1974) describes women as always occupying the role of productive worker, earning a market wage and enjoying ful l market employment participation.In the 1800s, Oakley (1974) describes the gradual displacement of vocation from the home to the manufactory. Women followed their traditional work out of the home and into the factories through the middle of the century. In fact, men, women, and children often worked side-by-side in various factory endeavours, just as they had in home-based vocational activity. However, this societal movement of em ployment from home to factory meant multiple family members were no longer physically present within the household to perform housework tasks or render childcare for small children. By the 1840s, societal pressure began on women to remain at home to render these services, and a simultaneous and not surprising belief became popular that women were naturally domestic and the appropriate carers for children. Male factory workers also began to ask for limits on child and female labour, ostensibly for the women and childrens own protection. By the end of the 1880s, the traditio nal role of women had shifted to the keeper of the home and rearer of children, whilst men had assumed sole provider role and worker outside the home.In the early 1900s through the Second World War, women were typically employed outside the home until marriage, at which time they left paid employment and assumed responsibility for housework tasks. Most women lived with their families until their marriage, and assi sted their own mothers with work in that household but were not primarily responsible. After the war, women typically worked until their first child was expected, and often returned to paid work after their children left home. However, the notion of housework as a womens responsibility was already culturally entrenched, and continued regardless of her employment status. This was supported by various legislative measures. For example, both Ireland and Britain had marriage bars, which legally excluded married women from working in public service or administration. Leonard (2004) notes that in Ireland, up until 1973, women had to leave paid employment in the public sector upon acquiring mar ried (74).This sole responsibility for household management was not a light one, either in terms of hours or tasks. Summarising a number of studies conducted in Britain, France, and the unify States from the 1920s through the 1970s, Oakley (1974) reports that average hours of housework performed b y women consistently ranks over sixty hours per week, with women in urban areas often averaging over seventy hours per week of labour. As of the early 1970s, Oakley (1974) reports a British study found eighty-five per cent of all women between the ages of sixteen and sixty-four were housewives, they carried the responsibility for running the household in which they lived, and nine out of ten women who were not employed were housewives, so were seven out of ten of those with a job outside the home (6). She concludes that housework is therefore clearly womens major occupation.Important conclusions from historical data related to gender division of household tasks are that the notion of housewifery as a natural condition of women is a recent one, and not supported in previous centuries. Although various ethological, anthropological, and sociological proofs have been offered for a womans role as primarily wife and mother, Oakley (1981) demonstrates that these are not supported either hi storically or cross-culturally. She further contends that both housework allocation and the impact of childbirth on the roles of parents in clearly a cultural construct, and as such should be an area given consideration as needing change, rather than held as a biological absolute.Global Housework Gender DivisionsIndeed, when considering gender division of housework cross-culturally, many assumptions regarding appropriate gender roles breakdown, particularly when considering cultures outside the capitalist Western model. utilize data from the International Social Justice Project, Davis and Greenstein (2004) describe the division of housework tasks in married touch households across twelve nations four Western nations (Great Britain, the United States, Germany, and The Netherlands), seven former Soviet nations (Russia, Slovenia, Estonia, Bulgaria, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary), and one Asian nation (Japan). Of note, as some data is historic, it divided East and West Germany, which the researchers took into account in analysis.Oakley (1974) quotes Lenin as writing, No nation can be free when half the population is enslaved in the kitchen (222). Not surprisingly, some of the former Soviet countries in Davis and Greensteins (2004) research evidenced the smallest gender gap in household labour. In Russia, for example, sixty-seven per cent of men and sixty per cent of women feel that housework is equally divided, with less than ten per cent of women or men allocating such work always to the wife. Interestingly, research exampled by Davis and Greenstein (2004) in post-Soviet Russia stated that fewer Russians believed they had egalitarian marriages in 1995 than in 1989, a demonstration of perception and practise change accompanying dramatic societal reforms. Such results reinforce the concept of gender divisions in household labour being culturally rather than biologically based.In a similar example, whilst Estonian households had traditionally divided househ old labour along gender lines prior to Communism, at the close of the Soviet era Davis and Greenstein (2004) report they had moved significantly toward shared housework, with over forty per cent of households reporting equal contributions. Estonian womens attitudes reflected a desire for personal efficacy rather than a complete focus on their husbands demands (Davis and Greenstein 2004, 1263). Considering gender patterns over time, Davis and Greenstein (2004) reported several other research studies found Czech womens and mens time spent on household work is becoming more similar, mainly because of the changing employment patterns of Czech women, and Czech households were more egalitarian in their division of labour than were Hungarian and Polish households (1262). Poland was typical of half the f ormer Soviet nations and all Western nations in the study, with Polish women performing the majority of the housework regardless of their education or employment status, mens housework cont ributions increasing with their education levels, and the most egalitarian division of housework responsibly in couples where both spouses are employed and have high levels of education.British, Dutch, and German women all were substantially more responsible for household labour than their former-Soviet counterparts, with over sixty-five per cent of households reporting household labour as primarily or always a occupation of the wife, and twenty-five per cent or less reporting an equal distribution of work. Davis and Greenstein (2004) found Dutch women experienced the greatest disparity, with over seventy per cent of men and eighty per cent of women reporting housework as primarily or always the responsibility of the wife. Gender allocation of housework in the Netherlands is most change by the presence of young children and the husbands economic resources, with education also being a relevant variable. For example, the higher the education level of the couple together, the greater the husbands contribution to household work when the wife has slightly more education than her husband, the husband performs more housework but when she h as a significantly more education than he, there is no increase in his household contributions.Similar studies in Spain, Ireland and Germany reinforce cultural differences, even amongst European nations. In a study of dual-earner couples in Spain, Alvarez and Miles (2003) found persistent gender inequality of similar per cents to the Davis and Greenstein overview. In addition, education levels of the man were found to effect division of household labour, whilst the womans education and earning power had little effect. The researchers concluded, habitual patterns of gender-differentiated activity at home are mainly the result of gender identities (240). Alvarez and Miles (2003) find intuitive feeling polls demonstrating a clear trend in Spanish attitudes towards egalitarian gender division of labor, more so amongst younger respon dents. However, similar to their findings in most developed countries Alvarez and Miles (2003) report that behaviour has changed much less than attitude and as much as two thirds of the total housework is perfo rmed by women, particularly the more repetitive or physically demanding work.Leonard (2004) reports that in the past two centuries, Irish society has placed a great deal of emphasis on womens role as mothers, with the 1937 Irish Constitution specifically referencing the special contribution to Irish society of women within the home (74). Cooke (2004) uses the German SocioEconomic Panel to explore the division of domestic labour in Germany, finding East German men report that they contribute a significantly greater percentage of household time than West German men (1251). Also of note in the German study, mens increased share of housework also increases the likelihood of disjoint in childless couples, leading Cooke (2004) to conclude that within German society childless coup les with fewer gendered family roles (given the absence of mother and father roles) are more constant when they have more traditional gendered displays in the remaining domestic areas.Using data from the International Social Justice Project previously mentioned, Davis and Greenstein (2004) found support for bargaining power models in the United States, which had the greatest equality of distribution of household labour of any of the Western nations studied. US households were much more influenced by the wifes participation in the workforce, with husbands performing at least half the housework twice as often in dual-earner families than in families where only the husband was employed outside the home. The wifes income level had little effect on divisio

English Gcse Media Essay :: essays research papers

English GCSE Media Coursework1. How does advertising reinforce gender sort outs?Today in the late 1990&8217s we do-nothing not escape advertising it bombards us from all types of media and every aspect of our lives. It is a multibillion-pound industry that stereotypes genders and tells us what we could become if we use certain products.Men creation portrayed as cool, tough, athletic and stylish reinforce the gender stereotypes. One advert I have studied which reinforces the male stereotype is an advertisement for &8216 obsolete Spice, White Water&8217. The advertisement shows a business gay in a kyak kyacking down a white water rapid. This is stereotyping the male businessman by cover him as an venturesome and carefree person who wears &8216Old Spice, White Water&8217. So this campaign is obviously aimed at businessmen who see them selves as adventurous and care free. Another advertisement I have chosen to study that reinforces the male stereotype is an advertisement for an eau de toilette by &8216Givenchy&8217. This advertisement reinforces the male stereotype by demo a man in a space suit in outer space looking up beyond infinity. So as space men are looked upon as top class people who have achieved many peoples ambition to look down on the realness this what he is portrayed as in the advertisement. The two advertisements reinforce gender stereotypes by showing the men as successful, and fearless. One is a business man kyaking and the other is an astronaut. For males this is how advertisements reinforce gender stereotypes.&8216Givenchy&8217 stereotypes Women as elegant, perfect and classy as in an advertisement for a perfume called &8217Organza&8217. The same stereotypical role is alike taken up in most other advertisements aimed at women. The fair sex in the advertisement for &8216Organza&8217 is pictured next to an enlarged picture of the bottle for the perfume. twain look similar with the curves of the body being translated into the shape of the bottle. Also the pleats in the dress are mimicked too. The background in the design is smooth and gentle showing and increasing the elegance of the woman. So this still and gentle setting is how advertisers stereotype females in advertisements.As advertising advances though advertisers are using reverse stereotyping to pull up attention to their advertisement out of many. One advertisement I have studied that imposes this reverse stereotyping is an advertisement for a larger with a young woman in a snooker club leaning against a snooker table.

Normandy Essay example -- essays research papers fc

The battle of Normandy was the major turning point in the Second World War. It was a precise well planned out attack of the Allies on western France against the Germans. Many people know a little about the day, and some know about the long planning, strategy, and results for both sides.At the end of November, Roosevelt and Churchill journeyed to Tehran for their first meeting with Stalin. The president and the Prime Minister had already approved, under the principle name Overlord, a plan for a cross-channel attack. Roosevelt wholeheartedly favored executing Overlord as early in 1944 as the weather permitted. Chief Meteorologist for Eisenhower said, By the time the conference was due to start we could not expect to have a complete set of surface level and upper air charts but a handful of reports from one or two critical areas west and south-west of Ireland, if consistent among themselves, would decide the issue- the terrifying issue whether Overlord would be decidedly postponed for at least 24 hours or go irrevocably forward to the assault on the coasts of France at dawn next mourning(Stagg 100-101). At Tehran, Churchill argued for talent priority to Italy and possible new offensives in the Balkans or southern France, but he was outvoted by Roosevelt and Stalin. Overlord was set for May 1944. After the meeting, the CCS recalled Eisenhower from the Mediterranean and gave him ensure of the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Forces (SHAEF), which was to organize and carry o...