Role of Religion in Centralization of Nation States Essay Example for Free

Role of Religion in Centralization of Nation States Essay Religion was a major factor in the centralization of territories into modern nation states. Religion was crucial in the development of the modern nation state because of its ability to be a unifying characteristic. Religion also created common enemies which allowed groups with different religious views separate into individual states that be far more likely to have a more centralized government or monarch. While religion acted as a catalyst in the development of the modern nation state, religion hindered and tore apart developing nation states. Religion played both the role of an asset and a liability in the case of centralization during the age of the reformation. Religion was successful in creating a common characteristic, by which people categorized themselves. For example, Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile reformed Spain by requiring all citizens to be Catholic. This would allow them to have better control and a shared attribute with the citizens of Spain, which would allow for a more centralized territory that would become a nation state. Also during this time period the Calvinists in the Holy Roman Empire area controlled by Philip II were being persecuted for their religion. The common religion in these Dutch provinces allowed for them to form together and create a centralized territory which eventually would become the Dutch Netherlands. German principalities also used their religion as a common characteristic to hold themselves together. When Martin Luther told the German Princes to separate from the Pope and Holy Roman Empire, they unified under Lutheranism which led to the development of that nation state. While religion was used as a common characteristic, religion was also used to unify groups of people by creating common enemies. For example, William of Orange (William I) centralized the Dutch Provinces, who were primarily Calvinists, against the Holy Roman Empire who was trying to force them to become Catholic. Ferdinand II also tried to use religion to create a common enemy within the Holy Roman Empire, he did this through the Edict of Restitution. The Edict of Restitution made Calvinists the enemy and unified the Catholics against them and temporarily solidified the Holy Roman Empire as a nation state. Another example of religion creating a common enemy was when Henry VIII created Anglicanism which was against the Pope. This  negative disposition towards the Pope strengthened England and allowed the monarch of England to create a more centralized territory, which led to the development of the modern nation state that is England. While religion was good as bringing nation states together and solidifying them, it also slowed and destroyed developing nation states. For example, the religious diversity that occurred within the Holy Roman Empire led to differences in religion and sect breaking apart until there was no more Holy Roman Empire. Henry of Navarre (Henry IV) saw this problem when he became the King of France and witnessed the religious wars in France between the French Huguenots and Ultra-Catholics. This slowed the development of France as a nation state, this is because religion was placed ahead of the state. Another example of religion dividing developing nation states was when Philip II attempted to oppress the Calvinists in the Dutch provinces with the Spanish Inquisition. This difference in religion led to the Dutch Revolt and caused the territory to be separated. Religion was critical in the development and disestablishment of the modern nation state. Religion provided a common characteristic from which a nation state could develop; it also created a characteristic by which a nation state could divide. However, in a majority of the cases the separation was necessary and led to the creation of multiple independent nation states. Religion was both a centripetal and centrifugal force. Religion created created a common characteristic and enemy, which aided the development of the modern nation state, as well as a difference that was a major factor in the disestablishment of developing modern nation states during the age of the reformation.

The Definition of Cyberpunk Essay -- Science Fiction Literary Genre Es

The Definition of Cyberpunk In Bruce Sterling's article, "Cyberpunk in the Nineties," he explained how public opinion had defined himself, Rucker, Shiner, Shirley, and Gibson as the cyberpunk "gurus" in the 1980's. Because of being labeled cyberpunk "gurus," the public had come to understand the definition of cyberpunk as "anything that cyberpunks write." To break this definition of cyberpunk established by popular public opinion, I will pursue giving cyberpunk a more definite definition. After reading numerous cyberpunk fiction stories, I noticed reoccurring themes in these stories. I believe these themes can form a criteria under which a story can be defined as cyberpunk. These criteria are total enhancement and integration of everyday life by technology, some degree of pleasure (by the author) in explaining this technology, cyber-lingo, and some degree of global connectiveness. The first criterion or theme, total enhancement and integration of everyday life by technology is probably the most obvious and vital in order for a story to be deemed cyberpunk. Why is it the most obvious and most vital? It is the most obvious because cyberpunk writers use the "everyday," that is, objects, concepts, or places we causally shrug off as normal, and integrate/enhance the normal with technology. A good example can be found in John Shirley's "Freezone." Upon entering the "Semiconductor" the scene is unusual but appears to be a everyday freak club. An occasional flare dots the audience. They have multi-colored hair that is styled straight up. In reaction to the flares and much more frequent than the flares are minimonos; they have ultra-straight hair falling down past their shoulders and uniform monochrome colored clothes. Anyway, the ... ...d projecting its evolution in the future, he is not intimidated, therefore he is able to enjoy himself in explaining this concept or technology. Furthermore, because the author is reflecting off of a society so obsessed with detail, he is obligated to present his story is such a detailed fashion. Basically, I think, that if cyberpunk fiction fulfills its purpose then the four criteria will fall naturally into place and therefore these four criteria build the backbone of the definition of cyberpunk. Works Cited Sterling, Bruce, Ed. Mirrorshades. New York: Arbor House, 1988. Cadigan, Pat. "Rock On" Shirley, John. "Freezone" Browning, Tonya, Ed. Writing About Cyberpunk. Austin: Abel's Copies, 1995. McCaffrey, Larry. Storming the Reality Studio Gibson, William. "Johnny Mnemonic" Tiptree, James Jr. "The Girl Who Was Plugged In"

American Vinyl Products

Allocate our resources? 3 methods to decide 1. Tradition been used for the longest period of time by all countries traditions used in US allocate our resources to aid the most needed like in hospital emergency room services allocate concrete tickets, first come first serve 40 hours a week Seniority Getting off a sinking boat, women and children first, then the men, then the crew, last is the captain Advantages: 2.Political system or Political method let the government decide such as kings and queens public goods and goods with externalities Advantages: Market system – supply and demand Hasn't been around as long as other two, relatively new Whoever has the money to pay for the product gets it first Most used method Allocated to where the profit is, follows the money most efficient of the 3, others rely on other values like being fair because of most attention to opportunity cost, what am I giving up for what I am doing least wasteful f resources How do you decide?Tradition â⠂¬â€œ promise and obligations Efficiency – money, getting the most for your money Have to do it because someone told u like your boss or parents Opportunity cost: how much you lost because you did something else. Went to Chicago and didn't work so lost work money 9/8/14 – Opportunity cost (Chip 1) Opportunity cost graph – (Production Possibility curve) Wheat Grapes Point A: Availably but not efficient Points should be on curve or inside Our land, from hills to flat.

Lord of The Flies Web Quest

Tibia Insulaechorab How the conch's used & its significance o The leader will be chosen every Sunday so that everyone will be able to experience how to be a leader o There will be a conch ceremony while changing the group leader. The leader will wear the conch with its chain all week long. o The conch will be used by the leader to gather everyone, to quieten the group and to let somebody speak. o The conch symbolizes leadership and authority. The person who has it is different from the others. The leader with his conch has to organize all the stuff related to the island and people. MAP OF THE ISLAND Ways to get food & water * A group of 3 or 4 people will be fishing three times a week. The fisher group will be changed every week after the conch ceremony so that just one group of people won't be fed up with fishing during the life on island. Also, fishing group will be responsible for getting other types of seafood. * Water will be kept in holes which are covered with leaves and rocks -so that the water won't be absorbed- Purification tablets may be used . * The food will be cooked on fire made by using a magnifying glass. * Other kinds of food will be fruits and vegetables.(if possible) The fisher group will be responsible for hunting for the rest of the days (3-4 days per a week) Tools needed to build shelters A poncho Rope Stakes Knife The rules and rights of everyone & The consequences for breaking the rules * Everyone has to keep in mind that the person who doesn't respect somebody is not respected. * Whatever the leader says must be done * Everybody must do some work. All the members of the island has to participate in the life om island * If someone breaks one of the rules, he/she will be expelled from the group. So she/he has to survive on her/his own. * Signal fire must be kept burning all the time. * The person who looks after the fire must observe what goes around the island.

Obesity Example

Obesity Example Obesity – Term Paper Example HPE14 Section Obesity Dr. Stephen Nathanson Obesity is such an epidemic which has engulfed the entire world for many decades. Obesity increases the chances of many medical problems such as cardiovascular diseases, osteoarthritis and even some types of cancer (Butcher, 2006). It has also been discovered that obesity is one of the major causes of death with an estimation of above 100,000 people dying every year due to this disease. These are not the only problems obesity can cause many other problem such as complication in pregnancy and delivery. However, health issues are not the only problems associated with obesity there are also certain economic side effects of it (Sandman, 2007). Different nutritionists and dieticians suggest a number of solutions and cures for this disease. However, there are a few major categories where the first one is in the form of dieting in which the aim is to cut down on consumption of fattening food. Another popular technique is working out, which inclu des aerobics, yoga, gym, wait training and many others (Wright, 2004). Some people use the combination of these both with a proper weight loss plan, which is another technique. Also taking prescribed medication is essential to control obesity as medicines control appetite (Caprio, 2006). Also the surgical options have started to work more and more with the passage of time. Obesity is a disease that has no boundaries and is common amongst all age groups, gender and ethnic backgrounds. It is an epidemic that has spread all around the globe. Statistics show that 31% of Americans are considered obese with a BMI crossing 30 (Grossman, 2004).Butcher, Kristin F. Childhood Obesity: Trends and Potential Causes. The Future of Children, 16, 2006Caprio, Sonia. Treating Child Obesity and Associated Medical Conditions. The Future of Children, 16, 2006Grossman, Michael. The Economics of Obesity. Public Interest, 2004Sandman, Nirit. Fighting Childhood Obesity through Performance-Based Regulation of the Food Industry. Duke Law Journal, 56, 2007Wright, Jan. The Obesity Epidemic: Science, Morality and Ideology. Routledge, 2004

A Biography of American Painter Andrew Wyeth

A Biography of American Painter Andrew Wyeth Born on July 12, 1917, in Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania, Andrew Wyeth was the youngest of five children born to illustrator N. C. Wyeth and his wife. Andrew came equipped with a bad hip and frequent bouts with illnesses, and parents decided that he was too fragile to attend school, so instead hired tutors. (Yes. Andrew Wyeth was  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Ã¢â‚¬â€¹homeschooled.) While aspects of his  childhood were rather solitary, for the most part, life in the Wyeth home was filled with art, music, literature, storytelling, a never-ending succession of props and costumes that N. C. used to compose his paintings and, of course, the large Wyeth family. His Start in Art Andrew began drawing a very early age. N. C. (who taught many students, including daughters Henriette and Carolyn) wisely did not attempt to instruct Andy until hed reached the age of 15 and had some inkling of his own style. For two years, the younger Wyeth received rigorous academic training in draftsmanship and painting technique from his father. Turned loose from the studio Wyeth also turned his back on oils as a painting medium, choosing less-forgiving watercolors instead. Those familiar with later works are often surprised at his early wet brush numbers: quickly executed, broad strokes and full of color. N. C. was so enthusiastic about these early works that he showed them to Robert Macbeth, a New York City art dealer. No less enthusiastic, Macbeth staged a solo exhibition for Andrew. Most enthusiastic of all were the crowds who flocked to look and buy. The entire show sold within two days and, at the age of 20, Andrew Wyeth was a rising star in the art world. Turning Point Throughout his 20s Wyeth began painting more slowly, with greater attention to detail and composition, and less emphasis on color. He had learned to paint with egg tempera, and alternated between it and the dry brush watercolor method. His art underwent a dramatic shift after October 1945 when N. C. was struck and killed at a railway crossing. One of his two pillars in life (the other being wife Betsy) was goneand it showed in his paintings. Landscapes became more barren, their palettes muted, and the occasional figures that appeared seemed enigmatic, poignant and sentimental (an art-critical word the artist came to loathe). Wyeth later said that his fathers death made him, meaning that grief caused him to focus intensely, and forced him to paint with deep emotion going forward from the mid-1940s. Mature Work Though Wyeth did a lot of portraitures, he is best known for interiors, still lifes and landscapes in which figures are largely absent - Christinas World is the most notable exception. As the years passed his palette lightened up somewhat and late works contain hints of vibrant color. Certain art professionals decry Andrew Wyeths work as mediocre at best, even as a growing segment champions it. The Peoples Painters output is beloved by an overwhelming majority of art fans, though, and please know this as well: there are no artists who wouldnt have jumped at the chance to observe his working technique. Wyeth died on January 16, 2009, in Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania. According to a spokesperson, Mr. Wyeth died in his sleep, at his home, after an unspecified brief illness. Important Works Winter 1946, 1946Christinas World, 1948Groundhog Day, 1959Master Bedroom, 1965Magas Daughter, 1966Helga series, 1971-85Snow Hill, 1989 Quotes From Andrew Wyeth I prefer winter and fall when you feel the bone structure of the landscapethe loneliness of it, the dead feeling of winter. Something waits beneath it; the whole story doesnt show. If you display yourself completely, all your inner soul disappears. You have to keep something to your imagination, to yourself. I get letters from people about my work. The thing that pleases me most is that my work touches their feelings. In fact, they dont talk about the paintings. They end up telling me the story of their life or how their father died.

Music in The Heart is a lonely hunter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Music in The Heart is a lonely hunter - Essay Example Virginia (2005) rightly enlists the character of Mick Kelly when she remarks â€Å"Mick Kelly, a tomboyish adolescent who shuts out the real world with music and dreams of fame and distant lands† (Virginia Spencer Carr, 2005). Reading through the novel, one can realize that McCuller has portrayed her characters as appealing sympathy of the readers and they are really the prototype figures representing the author herself. Especially, the character of Mick has a clear connotation with the author’ personal life where she herself was much interested and wished to be proficient in playing piano. To an extent, one can infer that Mick is the true representative of McCuller who had to leave the greatest desire of her life half way. As McCuller started her musical lessons at the age of six, she makes her character Mick also to begin her musical lessons at an early stage of life. While analyzing the personal life of the author, it is understandable that some fatal diseases drove her away from fulfilling her driving passion to become a concert pianist. But regarding Mick, it is the poor state of her family that stands on her way from leading her to the vast and impassioned realms of music. Being haunted with diseases, McCuller was forced to seek other fields, such as writing dramas, casting, directing and producing them. Actually, it was a submission to her fate and the same submissive nature is expressive in Mick’s character and she could not really bear up the prospect of losing her musical lessons.