A.Looking at Platos Allegory of the Cave, what is the purpose of Essay

A.Looking at Platos Allegory of the Cave, what is the purpose of education And what is the responsibility of the educated b.What is learning for Plato and how does he express it - Essay Example Just as the prisoners begin to perceive the shades in the cave, these things turn out to be progressively more known to students over point in time, yet stay inexplicable. It is significant that parents and teachers support this question, since it is the basis to a physically powerful education (Roberts 67). Finally, a number of prisoners are enlightened and search out to march out of the cave to the illumination, but with intricacy. Plato argues, the glare will distress them and they will be incapable to observe the realities of which in their previous position they had seen the darkness. As the prisoners must fine-tune to the daylight, students have to work to tackle new challenges during learning, which requires significant time (Rosen 23). In learning, students must toil to widen their familiarity; first establishing a basis and then slowly build on it. Schools must be mindful of this course and devise the program that connects subjects across years so that students can enlarge understanding (Roberts 78). Plato also explains an incident that happens with the captives who experience life outside the cave that they are so open-minded in their fresh globe and that they do not fancy revisiting their companions in the dim (Woodruff 11). Plato argues that those who reach this adorable apparition are reluctant to come down to human associations because it is a threat in learning, mainly regarding the high academe. Those students who progress farthest in higher education may be reluctant to leave the world of well-read theoretical scholars to revisit their communities and share what they have learned. As the prisoners souls are ever rushing into the superior humanity where they wish to inhabit, the hearts and souls of the best educated may desire to remain in their new zone of humanity instead of affecting what they gained for the betterment of their place of origin (Woodruff 22). Plato argues that the captive has

Public health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Public health - Essay Example The noxious smokes produced by gasoline grass mowers are toxic and very harmful to both the environment and to the populaces (Williams & Thompson, 2010). Reports on those fumes emitted by the use of the machine are certainly correct. According to the investigation carried out in 2001 by the Sweden, air pollution as a result of cutting grass for about one hour by use of gasoline mechanized mower is very high. The pollution is about the similar as that resulting from the 100 mile car travel. According to the American environmental guarding organization, 54 million citizens cutting their grass every weekend with the gas-powered machines might be adding as much as 5% of the county’s air contamination. It also outlined that a new gas motorized grass cutter machine release nitrogen oxide and organic compounds in one hour of work. The contamination is identical to that produced by 11 new vehicles that are compelled in one hour (Lamarre, 2004). The problem with the use of small engines contributes to large toxic waste challenges. Small engines are believed to produce disproportionately great amounts of volatile organic compound, nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide that add to smog. The issue of the high pollution rates related to the use of small grass mowers is a controversial issue. The human health consequences of pollution-laden atmosphere have increased dangers of asthma attacks, inflammation and injuries to the lungs and lesser amounts of oxygen in the blood stream. The reduced amount of oxygen the bloodstream can worsen heart conditions leading to fatalities in the long run. Solution: the utilization of the gas powers is not the only alternative to minimize pollution. Eco-conscious clients looking for new machines should consider electric replicas that are currently available in the market. The electric model is most efficient and has less if not negative impacts on human health and to the surrounding (Lamarre, 2004). The

Legal and Ethical of Business - IP 5 Research Paper

Legal and Ethical of Business - IP 5 - Research Paper Example This paper will research and comparatively analyze the challenges faced by McDonalds and Starbuck in India and China respectively. McDonald’s got engaged into the Indian market in 1996. This entry was in a form of a joint venture between local restaurants in both western India and northern India. This entry was expected to increase the customer base for the company. Having used the local partners, McDonald was sure to have little if any resistance in the industry. This is because it was expected that the taxes and duty issues related to foreign companies would be relatively affordable. Whereas this was not far-fetched, several other challenges became of greater concern. First, the political system in India is not so friendly. Even with the local support, the government still find loopholes to overtax the foreign entities even when partnered. The brand duty is exorbitant, and all profits are taxed for foreign firms (Chari, 2013). Further, violent destruction of hotels was also witnessed as fueled by the politicians and community leaders. For Starbuck, the political system in China is more strict but relatively transparent. From the beginning, industries and activities are either encouraged, restricted or prohibited. Establishing a business, therefore, requires initial certification (Gaff, Choy, & Chan, 2012). Following 2008 poisoned milk scandal, China has enacted more stringent laws on food and beverages companies and Starbuck almost got kicked out of the country only a few years since its entry. This contributed greatly to the loss of competitiveness in the global luxury markets especially in the large cities in China. However, the management sought to reverse this situation by partnering with real estate agencies in the country to establish shops in cheaper locations and closer to people’s residential areas. Socially and ethically, McDonald had a variety of challenges. The

Individual report of approximately 1,000 words Coursework

Individual report of approximately 1,000 words - Coursework Example nancial gain through gain in sales, reduced cost of operation, reduction in project overruns and reduction in the time taken to create strategic changes. The performance management objective also involves motivating the workforce by optimizing plans, improving employee engagement, creating transparency, and conducting professional development programs. For improved management control - a flexible, responsible management is required. The management should display data relationships, help audit and comply with the legislative requirements, simplify communications and provide documented system for communications. Spreadsheets are electronic tools similar to various other IT tools; however the code and underlying structure is unknown (MacMillan, 2000). The main advantage of using spreadsheet is that it is easy and simple to use. Moreover, no specific training is needed for using spreadsheets and employees can easily create, distribute, manipulate and access the data of spreadsheets. However, there exist risks of uncontrolled spreadsheet used, which should be analysed to reduce errors. Spreadsheets are used for countless business functions and accounting calculations. It can be used for tracking workflow, for creating accounting estimates and for key financial reporting. Spreadsheets provide instant snapshots of a situation, which can be used for driving critical decisions. The research is based on production and service data of a firm which has been used to calculate the total expense and derive the selling price of finished products. The allocated costs related to printing, finishing, quality control and material handling has been provided in columns along the labour hours and machine hours. The expense on employees, requisitions and maintenance is also given to get the calculations. The relocation cost of the admin department is derived from the formula - Allocated Costs per Employee x Employees without Administration (for printing). Excel sheet has been used

Estimation of peak oxygen uptake from submaximal tests Lab Report

Estimation of peak oxygen uptake from submaximal tests - Lab Report Example Generally, V02PEAK values were significantly greater among men than among women, despite correcting for differences in body mass (i.e., values expressed as mL/kg/min). The study sought to estimate peak oxygen uptake from submaximal tests using treadmill and cycle tests. Peak oxygen uptake (V02PEAK), defines the maximum volume of oxygen that is consumed within a unit time, normally a minute (Sagiv, 2012). It is an indicator of oxygen utility in the body and therefore shows effectiveness of the body’s functionality. Oxygen uptake and utility defines capacity to undertake physical and mental tasks and in extremely low cases, is necessary for cellular and organ activities. It is therefore significant to performance and health. Peak oxygen uptake depends on many factors. Gender is one of the factors and biological differences explain this. Males have higher peak oxygen consumption and according to Sagiv (2012), difference in size of the human heart between males and females explain this. Males have a larger size of the organ and this suggest greater capacity to circulate oxygen that in females. Since circulation is one of the factors to diffusion of oxygen in the lungs and therefore transfers to body parts for utility, it explains that men have higher oxygen consumption capacity and higher peak oxygen uptake that have women. Angiotensin-Converting enzyme and temperature have also been associated with higher peak oxygen uptake. Age is another facto to peak oxygen uptake. Increase in age increase the uptake level and this is more significant in males that in females, especially during younger ages. Body mass that increases in boys, as they grow, together with increase in hemoglobin content also explains the increase peak oxygen uptake (Coelho-E-Silva, Cupido-dos-Santos, Figueredo, Armstrong, & Ferreira, 2013). Brown, Miller, & Eason (2006) also explain that weight, age, and sex are significant factors

Case Analysis for Nursing Ethics Paper Essay Example for Free

Case Analysis for Nursing Ethics Paper Essay Overview A forty-eight year old female patient was brought into the emergency department with petechiae/purpura distributed over her skin. Her husband reported that she started to bleed from her nostrils and mouth. She suddenly appeared to have had what seemed to be unexplained bruises on her body and was semi comatose. In a state of panic, her husband brought her to the emergency department. With a heart rate of 180, her blood pressure was 60/24 and she was going into endotoxic shock. She received emergency care that made her stable enough to be transferred to the ICU where she became conscious and able to communicate. The medical team explained the seriousness of her condition and their plans for her treatment but she declined their proposal for further care and complained about inadequate insurance coverage for that hospital. She further professed her faith in God for divine healing. The medical team was then faced with offering this patient treatment regardless of her ability to pay to avoid the imminent danger of her leaving the hospital at that time. Medical Indications This forty eight year old female patient, who had no medical history in this hospital was diagnosed with Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC). DIC is a rare, life-threatening condition that prevents normal blood clotting in an individual. A treatment refusal or decline may hasten the disease process resulting in excessive clotting (thrombosis) or bleeding (hemorrhage) throughout the body leading to shock, organ failure or even death. Prognosis varies depending on the underlying disorder and the extent of clotting. Regardless of the cause, the prognosis is often poor, with 10-50% of patients dying. The goal of treatment is to stop bleeding and prevent death. According to WebMD (2007), in DIC, the body’s natural ability to regulate clotting does not function properly. This causes the platelets to clump and clog small blood vessels throughout the body. This excessive clotting damages organs, destroys blood cells, and depletes the supply of platelets and other clotting factors so that the blood is no longer able to clot normally. This often causes widespread bleeding, both internally and externally, a condition that can be reversed if treatment is carried out  promptly. Current indication for treatment include interventions such as transfusion of blood cells and other blood products to replace what has been lost through bleeding. Numerous tests to establish the probable cause of this condition have to be done because it is usually a first symptom of a disease such as cancer or it could be triggered by another major health problem. Patient Preferences The patient is informed of the benefits of follow up interventions after emergency care as well as the likelihood of losing functions of major organs and even death without following interventions being implemented. The principle of autonomy comes to play since it is her right to choose where, when and how she gets her health care. Based on the medical report and her personal reasons for deciding to leave the hospital against medical advice, there seems to be no evidence that she is mentally incapable. There is also no justification in disregarding her requests nevertheless, it is doubtful if she actually understands and appreciates the situation. Her preferences were to be signed AMA (against medical advice) so she can find cheaper, alternative care. Her husband, who was present with her, tried to convince her to accept the teams’ proposal but she insisted that she could not afford it. In my opinion, the patient decision was as a result of her ignorance of what choices was av ailable to her. Quality of life The quality of life for this patient is severely compromised because of the symptoms associated with this diagnosis (bleeding, syncope, weakness, shortness of breath, etc). As stated earlier, DIC could be as a result of an underlying disease such as cancer. If so, chemotherapy and radiation could help alleviate symptoms and give her a vibrant life expectancy. Also, there is the possibility that she would experience tremendous medical progress with treatment if her diagnosis has to do with platelet malfunction. However, we cannot tell, since she turned down any advice by the team to carry out blood tests. Without immediate treatment, she runs the risk of damage to major organs of her body, which could eventually lead to death. Time is of essence here because the longer she delays intervention, the more likely she has irrevocable damage that might negatively alter her previous  quality of life. Ethical issues that would arise with this patient is the emergency care she got, it got her stable enough to where she could refuse treatment. An assumption that we could make about receiving that care is, ‘what if she got into a DIC coma and had to be on a ventilator?’. She would have been unconscious and would probably not be able to debate whether she receives care or not. Contextual features Without casting aspersions, the reason, obvious to me, for refusal of care is financial. The patient talked about shopping for cheaper healthcare. This is a patient born to American missionaries in Brazil. As an American citizen, she took up the calling of her parents and was also a missonary in Brazil for most of her life. She married a man from England who is unaware of how the American system works. Her reason is justified because she probably had little to no social security and with her sojourn in Brazil, we can say that she has been accultured. Therefore her outlook and way of thinking would affect her decision about healthcare in America. Another contextual feature is that of religion and faith, the patient said that her faith in God would heal her but failed to see that this might be why she was at the hospital at that time. It is difficult to attribute her decision solely to faith or finance alone but one thing that stands out is the fact her husband tried to convince her otherwise. Still, she kept saying this was what she wanted. Her husband seemed helpless as he tried to communicate with the team however the patient kept saying that this was about her not him. My patient’s lack of insurance, her job as a missionary and her inability to pay acts as a bias that would prejudice the providers’ evaluation of her quality of life. Analysis The goal of medicine involves promoting health, curing disease, optimizing quality of life, preventing untimely death, improving function (maleficence), educating and counseling, avoiding harm (non-maleficence) and assisting in a peaceful death. The ethical dilemma is deciding to let her go based on her wishes (autonomy) versus doing what seems to be the overall right thing (paternalism), which is giving her treatment (beneficence), thus preventing harm (non-maleficence). The maleficent nature of medicine propels the team to convince the patient of what they think would restore her  health. In a bid to ‘do good(maleficence), she got emergency care that made her stable enough to communicate and state her wishes. Apart from maleficence and non-maleficence there are multiple ethical issues embedded in this case; the medical team is faced with honoring this patient’s autonomy and letting her go when they know she could be dead in a few hours without treatment. Nevertheless the patient is exercising her autonomy at her own detriment because she and her husband got adequate disclosure communicated clearly by the healthcare team about the reasons for treatment and the benefits burdens related to her decision. The team’s scope of disclosure covered her current medical state, the possible interventions to improve prognosis and their recommendation based on clinical judgement. In addition, they are faced with medically determining her decisional capacity because of the possibility that her mental state might be affected by the pathology and her inability to afford care. If proven to be incompetent, then interventions are carried out regardless of what she wants. Hence, the medical team will deliberately override this patient’s autonomy because of their perceived notion of beneficence (paternalism). As medical practitioners, the team weighs the consequence (utilitarianism) of letting her go. To them, the action that would produce the best overall result is to go ahead and give her treatment. The ethical theory of deontology gives the team, the moral duty and obligation to do good and prevent harm. Compassion and sympathy (Ethics of care) also play a big role here, consider a patient who had committed her life to helping others, yet in her time of need could not get reciprocity. These emotions should play a major role in how the team decides to proceed. The nurse involved with this patient has an obligation to get to know this patient so that she can effectively advocate for her. Inasmuch as I know she has the right to refuse treatment, I strongly believe that her refusal is based on the insubstantiality of information and her lack of knowledge of what is accessible to her. Recommendation I recommend that the patient’s autonomy be empowered not overpowered by giving her information on what is available to her. An advocate (her nurse, case manager or social worker) should be assigned to her. In addition, the Chaplain should be invited to offer spiritual counseling. Asking the right questions, getting to understand her fears and giving her hope. Many  hospitals and clinics have patient navigators that can help determine financial aid for patients who cannot afford care or who do not have Medicaid/insurance. The team should encourage the patient that at this point money is of no consequence, her life and health come first in other words everything will be done to get her aid. I also recommend that the team critically asseses the decision-making capacity of the patient since it determines whether a patient’s health care decisions will be sought and accepted. Furthermore the patient should also be educated on and encouraged to put in place advanced directives to promote her autonomy and avoid a situation where there is no one to decide in case she is incapacitated. Justification In my opinion, Individuals respond favorably to people, things, beliefs and circumstances that hold significance, value and passion for them. Pesut’s (2009) article, confirms that incorporating spirituality into care where appropriate, has the potential to maximize health care quality. For this to be effective, the healthcare team has to look at the patient holistically, they have to put into consideration her profession of faith and how getting the chaplain involved will convince her that the medical team does not just want her money rather they value her worth. Subsequently, paternalism as a recommendation seems to be arbitrary and counteracts the autonomy of the patient, yet Whitney and McCullough (2007) in their article Physicians Silent Decisions: Because Patient Autonomy Does not Always Come First, give support to selective paternalism. They argue that Patients values and preferences play varying roles in medical decisions (Whitney et al. 2004). Indeed my patients refusal to accept care was not because she wanted to die but because her values of faith and her preference to spend within her means trumped getting the immediate intervention. Suffice to say that culture can be considered in this case because it influences values and preferences. My patients background was Brazilian, this is a country where there is little trust for the healthcare system. Hospitals and clinics are more interested in how much money they can make. So, Individuals that reside there, do not have routine checkup, they often wait till they are about to die before they go to a physician. And in this time they are constantly visiting places of worship in belief that they would be miraculously healed. As a result, my  patient probably had many symptoms over a period of time but did not go to the hospital, incidentally when she was brought in, it was a matter of life and death. With the team’s knowledge of her diagnosis and its prognosis, my patie nts preference became largely irrelevant. Yet, the physicians wanted to respect her autonomy and her sense of dignity by maintaining her part in the decision-making. As medical practitioners we uphold the goals of shared decision-making and of empowering patients to make important choices. However, these objectives provide important insights, not universal answers. In medicine, as elsewhere, individual choice, however highly we value it, must compete with individual welfare and with constraints of time and money hence the decisive factor will depend on the particular situation at hand. (Whitney and McCullough 2007 p. 37). Next, they explained that decision-making, whether silent or spoken by the physician must be understood in terms of the clinical encounter. In fact the overriding of her autonomy was for her own good. My rationale for encouraging advanced directives especially if she is deemed competent at the moment is, in the event that she can no longer make a decision in the future, something and someone will be in place to help. It will help to guide future clinical decisions and promote confidence in the decision of the surrogate she choos es. According to Lynch, Mathes and Sawicki (2008), patients are in the best position to make choices for themselves, or at least a position that is superior to that held by any other party. Therefore, patient directives must be enforced, though not through the mechanism of strict liability. (p. 158). Therefore, a decision written and signed by the patient legally would prevail, in the event that she becomes incapacitated and cannot decide she would already have that in place. Medical practitioners are encouraged to inform all patients’ about the importance of advance directives because it removes the burden of dealing with what the patients would have wanted. In summary, the discussion and justification of proceeding with medical intervention yet disregarding the patient’s decision, proves that autonomy can be respectfully countered. This is congruent in continuing with medicine’s obligation to do no harm, do good and serve in the best interest of the patient. Evaluation The desired outcome was that this patient receives the care and intervention  that she needed in time to prevent gross damage to her body thus altering her quality of life. With the input of the chaplain, her husband, the advocate and careful communication with this patient, the patient admits that she wanted the best care. She accepts the offer for financial assistance and receives the appropriate intervention. The nurse and medical personnel express satisfaction in saving her life (maleficent), Her husband is elated and he also signs an advanced directive for himself. It seemed difficult to convince the patient at first but once the suggestion for financial aid and the Chaplain was received, the patient complied with all other recommendations. References Lynch, H. F., Mathes, M., Sawicki, N.N., (2008). Compliance With Advance Directives: Wrongful Living And Tort Law Incentives. The Journal Of Legal Medicine, 29:133–178. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.proxy.medlib.iupui.edu/pubmed/18569439 Pesut, B. (2009). Incorporating patients spirituality into care using Gadows ethical framework. Nurs Ethics. 2009 Jul;16(4):418-28.Retrieved from http://nej.sagepub.com.proxy.medlib.iupui.edu/content/16/4/418.long WebMD, (2007). Retrieved November 26, 2012, from http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/disseminated-intravascular-coagulation-dic-topic-overview Whitney, S. N., McCullough, B. L. (2007). Physicians’ Silent Decisions: Because Patient Autonomy Does Not Always Come First. The American Journal of Bioethics, 7(7): 33–38, 2007. Retrieved from http://mcr.sagepub.com.proxy.medlib.iupui.edu/content/early/2012/10/31/1077558712461952.long

The Conservation Of Momentum Environmental Sciences Essay

The Conservation Of Momentum Environmental Sciences Essay The conservation of momentum was shown in three types of collisions, elastic, inelastic and explosive. By getting mass and velocities for two carts during the collision the change in momentum and kinetic energy was found. In an elastic collision of equal massess ΔP = Pf-Pi =-8.595 and ΔKE = KEf-Kei = -4.762. In an inelastic collision of equal massess ΔP = -12.989 and ΔKE = -43.14. In an explosive collision of equal massess ΔP = -448.038 and ΔKE = -118.211. This shows that conservation of momentum is conserved in elastic and inelastic equations due to their very low change in momentum; however kinetic energy is conserved in the elastic collision but not in the inelastic collision. In an explosive collision momentum is not conserved since the two objects start at rest with no momentum and gain momentum once moving opposite. Introduction Just like Newtons laws, the conservation of momentum is a fundamental principal in physics that is integral in daily life. However unlike Newtons laws, the conservation of momentum does not seem to be entirely intuitive. If a ball is thrown in the air some momentum seems to be loss to the air. This makes proving the conservation of momentum tricky and difficult to do in a real life setting. To measure the conservation of momentum in the lab, two carts will be used along a frictionless track. This allows calculation to be easier since the vectors will be moving along only one axis. This way positive direction can be movement to the right while negative direction can be movement to the left. One cart will have a plunger which is ejected by a spring that will convert its potential energy to kinetic energy of the cart. This will knock the other cart and its momentum will be transferred either partially or entirely. These velocities of the two carts will be measured by a graphing device. This is shown in diagram 1. Diagram 1. Momentum is produced by mass and velocity, in other words: p = mv. It is important to point out that momentum is not conserved on an object by object basis, however it is conserved for the isolated system. This is shown in the equation: Psystem = P1 + P2. Therefore if momentum is conserved then the initial momentum of the entire system should equal the final momentum of the entire system. Thus this can be shown in the equation where: Psystem, initial = Psystem, final M1 X V1i + M2 X V2i = M1 X V1f + M2 X V2f In the lab collisions will be shown to illustrate the conservation of momentum. In elastic collisions energy is always conserved. Unfortunately for this lab kinetic energy can be converted into heat so that energy is lost to viable measurements. If the energy is conserved, the collision is considered to be elastic, but if the energy is not conserved, then the collision is considered inelastic. Kinetic energy is energy associated with motion where an object with mass and moving with a certain velocity the equation is: KE = Â ½ m |v|2 This allows to find the loss or gain in energy of a system much like for momentum where the change in kinetic energy of a system is determined by the equation: ΔKESYS = KEsys,final KEsys,intial For the two collisions stated earlier if ΔKESYS is equal to zero the collision is considered elastic, however if ΔKESYS does not equal zero then the collision is considered inelastic. There is also another type of collision that will be determined in this lab called an explosive collision. This can be considered the opposite of an inelastic collision since the energy is not conserved because the kinetic energy is transformed for potential energy to kinetic energy. These three types of collisions will be measured in the lab under differing conditions and the change in momentum and kinetic energy of the system will be calculated. Procedure In the lab the momentum and kinetic energy will be calculated by measuring different velocities for the two carts at different masses. Two carts will be set along a frictionless track. As stated earlier this allows for easier calculations since it allows working only in one dimension. One of the carts used has a plunger while the other car is just a regular car. Both carts have different sides which will allow the emulation of the different collision types. For and elastic collision the plunger cart will be placed against the side of the ramp and then set off by a small piece of wood. It will the knock the other cart and emulate a elastic collision because the carts have magnets facing each other that will help conserve energy and momentum by having the opposite sides face each other. Having magnets of opposite charge face each other help keep the collision elastic since major contact between the two carts can convert kinetic energy into heat and will be lost. This will be done in three different ways, first having equal mass carts, second having the plunger cart heavier than the regular cart, and lastly by having the plunger cart lighter than the regular cart. The velocities for these carts will be measured for the different variable for six different trails and averaged. For the inelastic the set up will be identical except to emulate this collision the carts will have Velcro sides that will be facing each other and cause the carts to stick together once they hit each other. This will be done in three different ways similar to the elastic collision, first having equal mass carts, second having the plunger cart heavier than the regular cart, and lastly by having the plunger cart lighter than the regular cart. The velocities for these carts will be measured for the different variable for six different trails and averaged also. For the explosive collision the two carts will be sitting next to each other. The plunger car will have its plunger faced toward the adjacent regular car so when the button is pressed the will move away from each other in opposite directions. This will only be done in two different ways, one way having the carts equal in mass and one ways have one cart heavier than the other cart. The velocities for these carts will be measured for the different variable for six different trails and averaged as well. Results Table 1. Elastic Collision Data Elastic Equal Mass regular car (g) 506.2 plunger car (g) 503.3 v1 (m/2) v1f (m/s) v2f (m/s) Pi = m1vi1+ m2 vi2 Pf = m1vf1 + m2 vf2 Kei = .5m1vi1 + .v5m2vi2 Kef= .5m1vf1 + .v5m2vf2 0.5 0 0.483 251.65 244.4946 62.9125 59.04545 0.494 0 0.482 248.6302 243.9884 61.41166 58.8012 0.574 0 0.505 288.8942 255.631 82.91264 64.54683 0.422 0 0.405 212.3926 205.011 44.81484 41.51473 ΔP = Pf-Pi 0.482 0 0.496 242.5906 251.0752 58.46433 62.26665 -8.595433333 0.516 0 0.498 259.7028 252.0876 67.00332 62.76981 ΔKE = KEf-KEi average 250.6434 242.048 62.91988 58.15744 -4.762437183 Elastic Heavy Int. regular car (g) 506.2 plunger car (g) 1000.9 v1 (m/2) v1f (m/s) v2f (m/s) Pi = m1vi1+ m2 vi2 Pf = m1vf1 + m2 vf2 Kei = .5m1vi1 + .v5m2vi2 Kef= .5m1vf1 + .v5m2vf2 0.412 0 0.501 294.3059 237.5554 84.94838 63.52835 0.502 0 0.59 310.6885 245.6916 126.1154 88.10411 0.321 0 0.466 324.3081 244.3456 51.56687 54.96218 0.462 0 0.544 337.2292 242.4102 106.818 74.9014 ΔP = Pf-Pi 0.51 0 0.602 354.5463 242.5007 130.167 91.72445 -81.71491849 0.486 0 0.52 324.2156 242.5007 118.2043 68.43824 ΔKE = KEf-KEi average 324.2156 242.5007 102.97 73.60979 -29.36021623 Elastic Light Int. regular car (g) 1003.8 plunger car (g) 503.3 v1 (m/2) v1f (m/s) v2f (m/s) Pi = m1vi1+ m2 vi2 Pf = m1vf1 + m2 vf2 Kei = .5m1vi1 + .v5m2vi2 Kef= .5m1vf1 + .v5m2vf2 0.563 0 0.309 468.8014 310.1742 79.76525 47.92191 0.396 0 0.243 495.1158 243.9234 39.46275 29.63669 0.697 0 0.351 523.2297 352.3338 122.2538 61.83458 0.554 0 0.296 563.0325 297.1248 77.23541 43.97447 ΔP = Pf-Pi 0.596 0 0.343 610.7959 344.3034 89.39011 59.04803 -227.7090311 0.493 0 0.278 532.195 279.0564 61.16328 38.78884 ΔKE = KEf-KEi average 532.195 304.486 78.21177 46.86742 -31.34434946 For the elastic collision with equal masses the change in momentum and kinetic energy is every small. Where as in the other two methods the change in momentum is much larger since the masses where different then the change in kinetic energy. Table 2. Inelastic Collision Data Inelastic Equal Mass regular car (g) 506.2 plunger car (g) 503.3 v1 (m/2) v1f (m/s) v2f (m/s) Pi = m1vi1+ m2 vi2 Pf = m1vf1 + m2 vf2 Kei = .5m1vi1 + .v5m2vi2 Kef= .5m1vf1 + .v5m2vf2 0.622 0.292 0.297 313.0526 297.305 97.35936 43.78238 0.481 0.242 0.243 242.0873 244.8052 58.222 29.68293 0.619 0.289 0.289 311.5427 291.7455 96.42247 42.15722 0.602 0.276 0.274 302.9866 277.6096 91.19897 38.17143 ΔP = Pf-Pi 0.51 0.236 0.237 256.683 238.7482 65.45417 28.23227 -12.98885 0.502 0.248 0.249 252.6566 250.8622 63.41681 31.16993 ΔKE = KEf-KEi average 279.8348 266.846 78.67896 35.5327 -43.14626406 Inelastic Heavy Int. regular car (g) 506.2 plunger car (g) 1000.9 v1 (m/2) v1f (m/s) v2f (m/s) Pi Pi = m1vi1+ m2 vi2 Pf = m1vf1 + m2 vf2 Kei = .5m1vi1 + .v5m2vi2 0.495 0.322 0.321 319.6722 484.78 122.6228 77.96833 0.506 0.343 0.342 323.0093 516.4291 128.1332 88.48103 0.497 0.317 0.318 336.2746 478.2569 123.6157 75.8842 0.499 0.312 0.312 352.9982 470.2152 124.6126 73.35357 ΔP = Pf-Pi 0.323 0.211 0.208 367.6309 316.4795 52.21145 33.23065 115.4745216 0.486 0.31 0.308 339.917 466.1886 118.2043 72.10332 ΔKE = KEf-KEi average 339.917 455.3916 111.5667 70.17019 -41.39646683 Inelastic Light Int. regular car (g) 1003.8 plunger car (g) 503.3 v1 (m/2) v1f (m/s) v2f (m/s) Pi Pi = m1vi1+ m2 vi2 Pf = m1vf1 + m2 vf2 Kei = .5m1vi1 + .v5m2vi2 0.575 0.181 0.181 480.8526 272.7851 83.20178 24.68705 0.589 0.172 0.163 506.4235 250.187 87.30267 20.77979 0.555 0.179 0.183 534.182 273.7861 77.51449 24.87125 0.563 0.186 0.186 573.035 280.3206 79.76525 26.06982 ΔP = Pf-Pi 0.367 0.115 0.113 619.6586 171.3089 33.89449 9.736832 -289.887818 0.574 0.178 0.179 542.8304 269.2676 82.91264 24.05466 ΔKE = KEf-KEi average 542.8304 252.9426 74.09855 21.6999 -52.3986526 For the inelastic collision the change in kinetic energy is much larger then it was in elastic collision. This holds true for the other all three methods used. Table 3. Explosive Collision Data Explosive Equal regular car (g) 506.2 plunger car (g) 503.3 v1 (m/2) v1f (m/s) v2f (m/s) Pi = m1vi1+ m2 vi2 Pf = m1vf1 + m2 vf2 Kei = .5m1vi1 + .v5m2vi2 Kef= .5m1vf1 + .v5m2vf2 0 0.482 0.503 0 497.2092 0 122.4709 0 0.448 0.471 0 463.8986 0 106.6245 0 0.489 0.512 0 505.2881 0 126.4901 0 0.438 0.469 0 457.8532 0 103.9089 ΔP = Pf-Pi 0 0.478 0.492 0 489.6278 0 118.7447 488.0378833 0 0.506 0.513 0 514.3504 0 131.0292 ΔKE = KEf-KEi average 0 488.0379 0 118.2114 118.2113751 Explosive- Unequal regular car (g) 506.2 plunger car (g) 1000.9 v1 (m/2) v1f (m/s) v2f (m/s) Pi = m1vi1+ m2 vi2 Pf = m1vf1 + m2 vf2 Kei = .5m1vi1 + .v5m2vi2 Kef= .5m1vf1 + .v5m2vf2 0 0.297 0.615 0 608.5803 0 139.8729 0 0.34 0.618 0 653.1376 0 154.517 0 0.292 0.619 0 605.6006 0 139.6484 0 0.307 0.633 0 627.7009 0 148.5813 ΔP = Pf-Pi 0 0.276 0.574 0 566.8072 0 121.5127 599.3574667 0 0.24 0.581 0 534.3182 0 114.2626 ΔKE = KEf-KEi average 0 599.3575 0 136.3992 136.399151 For the explosive collision the change in momentum is much larger than in the other two collisions. There is no initial momentum for this collision since the two carts started together at rest. Conclusion From momentum and the kinetic energies calculated from the formulas the different trails were averaged to find the initial and final momentum and kinetic energy for each of the eight conditions. They the change in momentum of the system was calculated for the system by subtracting the final momentum minus the initial momentum. This was then done for kinetic energy to find the change in kinetic energy by subtracting final minus initial as well. This produced different values for the different conditions. For the elastic collision the momentum and kinetic energy are supposed to be conserved. As table 1 shows, the momentum and kinetic energy for the equal mass carts is very close to zero, much closer than for the other conditions. For the heavier plunger cart, the initial force had much more inertia and caused the lighter second car to move much further. This is opposite in the other conditions where the plunger cart was much light. It had a harder time moving the second heavier cart. The main difference for the change in momentum and kinetic energy for the two unequal mass cart conditions was due to the fact the final velocity for cart one was never measured properly. It was assumed that the velocity was zero when in fact the plunger cart moved slightly after the collision. The assumption was due to careless human error. For the inelastic collision kinetic energy is not conserved. This is evident very much in the results for the change in kinetic energy. There is a much larger value or this change then in the elastic counterpart since the carts stick together and move as one unit. This close interaction allows for the loss of energy as heat. As for the explosive collision, the change in momentum is by far the largest. Since the system start at rest it is entirely potential energy. When the collision happened the carts move apart and become kinetic energy. Since the final momentum is subtracted by an initial momentum of zero, it is obvious why the change is so large.